Since 1996, Diagnostic Reference Level (DRL) has been introduced as an essential benchmark for optimizing patient radiation protection in a medical setting. DRLs have been acknowledged and reported by several institutions even become part of authority to monitor the use of radiation in medical, including diagnostic nuclear medicine imaging. Hence, this study aimed to establish DRL typical values for

This work investigates the ionizing radiation shielding capabilities of six diverse glass compositions: 10BiO3-90GeO2, 10BaO-90GeO2, 20WO3–80TeO2, 20ZnO–80TeO2, 30BaO–70B2O3, and 40Bi2O3–60B2O3. These samples were selected to examine the role of different high-Z oxide additives and glass formers in enhancing radiation attenuation. The mass-attenuation coefficient (MAC) and linear-attenuation coefficient

Polypropylene (PP), a widely used material in the medical industry, mainly for single-use (SU) medical devices such as syringes and disposable containers, belongs to the group of polymers sensitive to ionizing radiation, even at relatively low doses (in the range of sterilization ones) and undergoes excessive oxidative degradation and deterioration in properties upon irradiation in air. Despite its

Biochanin A (BA) is a plant-derived flavonoid isoflavone with promising pharmaceutical potential, hindered by poor water solubility. This study explored the use of gamma irradiation to enhance the physicochemical and biological properties of BA. We found that gamma irradiation at doses ranging from 10 to 50 kGy induced hydroxyethylation at the C2 position of BA, producing a novel derivative, hydroxyethylated

Lead-free BaTi0.94Sn0.06O3 (BTS) ceramics were synthesized using the conventional solid-state reaction method to investigate thermally induced phase transitions and dielectric relaxation phenomena. A combination of in-situ X-ray Diffraction (XRD) and in-situ Synchrotron X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy (XAS) was employed to examine phase transitions across the temperature range of 200–400 K. The results

The use of α-emitting radionuclides in radiopharmaceutical therapies has gained prominence due to their high linear energy transfer (LET) and localized energy deposition, making them particularly effective for treating micrometastases and small tumours. This study addresses the challenges of α-particle dosimetry by calculating Dose Point Kernels (DPKs) for monoenergetic sources (4−10 MeV) and clinically

The effectiveness of radiotherapy, particularly hadron therapy, is closely tied to the interactions of radiation at the cellular and sub-cellular levels. Understanding the local energy deposition of charged particles is essential for accurately predicting their biological effects. Traditional dosimetric approaches, based on absorbed dose, fail to describe the stochastic nature of energy deposition

The investigated two-mica granite at Harhagit is mostly enriched in U-, Th, Zr-bearing minerals. Uranothorite, thorite, zircon, xenotime and monazite are presented in the investigated granite, and have been confirmed by using an energy dispersive spectrometer (EDS) unit. The measured radionuclide concentration, including uranium-238 (238U: 69 ± 24 Bq kg−1), thorium-232 (232Th: 64 ± 15 Bq kg−1), and

Metallic knee implants can impair diagnostic accuracy in post-surgical computed tomography (CT) imaging. This study develops a novel deep neural network, contrastive learning metal artifact reduction (CLMAR), designed to reduce metal artifacts in knee CT scans following internal fixation or total knee arthroplasty.

The development of high-performance glasses for optical and radiation-shielding applications has gained significant attention in recent centuries. In this investigation, PbO2/La2O3-doped barium-calcium borate glass systems (PbO2–BaO–CaO–B2O3–La2O3) were developed by using a melt quenching method. The optical features of the fabricated glasses were recorded using a UV–Vis spectrometer. The spectra revealed

Craniospinal irradiation (CSI) is crucial for treating central nervous system malignancies like medulloblastoma and high-risk brain tumors with meningeal spread potential. Traditional 3D-conformal radiotherapy (3D-CRT) requires multiple field junctions, increasing the risks of dose inhomogeneity and unnecessary exposure to healthy tissues. This study investigates the use of VMAT on an Elekta Synergy

Nowadays, the radiation shielding issue has attracted significant interest among researchers and scientists. This is because of the destructive effect of radiation on the environment, personnel in medical centers, etc. Ordinary concrete (OC) is the most typical material employed for radiation shielding purposes. It contains a large amount of cement. Although ordinary concrete is not a good fast neutron

This study aims to investigate the variability in applied compression force (CF) within the Saudi breast cancer screening program centers.

Analysing archaeological artefacts made from metallic alloys is often challenging due to the impracticality of sample collection. Traditional non-invasive surface techniques, such as X-ray fluorescence (XRF), electron probe microanalysis (EPMA), scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray analysis (SEM-EDX), and particle-induced X-ray emission (PIXE), among others, may yield misleading

The current study represents modifications in the gamma pass rate and radiation dose attenuation due to laser therapy intensity modification. Ten clinical IMRT programs were used to perform different positions of phantoms carrying an ionization chamber at different positions on the couch to compare the delivered doses. The low gamma pass rates were recorded close to the gantry angles, and the measured

This research explores the structural, optical, and nuclear shielding attributes of Cd–S doped glass shields. A series of five glass samples were synthesized with compositions specified as 5Li2O+33NaF+7ZnO+55P2O5+xwt% (CdO + S), where x = 0.0, 1.0, 2.0, 3.0 and 4.0. X-ray diffraction analysis confirmed the amorphous nature of the samples. Density measurements were conducted using the Archimedes method

This study examines the absorbed and effective doses exposed to patients undergoing computed tomography (CT) imaging of the cervical, thoracic, and lumbar spine. Data were collected from patients undergoing spine CT at Riyadh Care Hospital using a 128-slice multi detector CT (MDCT) scanner (Somatom Definition AS, Siemens Healthcare). The scanning parameters were a peak tube voltage range of 80–140 kVp

This study investigated the mechanical and radiation shielding properties of Philippine natural zeolite (PNZ)-mixed concrete as a potential sustainable alternative to traditional cement in radiation shielding applications. Concrete mixtures with 0 %, 20 %, and 40 % PNZ replacement were tested for compressive strength, split tensile strength, and radiation shielding efficiency against X-ray and gamma

This study explores the structural, elastic, thermal, and radiation shielding properties of neodymium-doped lithium fluoro lanthanum oxy lead borate glass ceramics synthesized via the conventional melt-quenching method followed by controlled heat treatment. X-ray diffraction (XRD) confirmed the formation of well-defined crystalline phases, including Nd2PbO3 and LiB3O5, which enhanced the structural

L X-ray production cross sections of Ag induced by the collision of 12C3+ and 13C3+ ions with energies between 2.6 MeV and 4.0 MeV were measured using thin targets. The different masses of the ions allowed the observation of dissimilarities in the cross sections which can be explained by Coulomb deflection and binding energy effects. Moreover, when the cross sections are plotted as a function of a

Gd3-doped Zn-Borophosphate glass with the composition 38B2O3 - 36P2O5 – 3Al2O3 - 3BaCO3 – 5ZnO - 4KF2 – 10BaO - 1Gd2O3 (wt%) was prepared by the melt-quenching method. In this study, the effects of γ-ray irradiation on physical, optical characteristics both before and after, as well as radiation shielding, are also examined. Clear and Transparent Glass was achieved while post-irradiation color centers

This study focuses on the dosimetric properties of polarizer glass obtained from three different brands of mobile phones: Nokia Lumia 520 (N), Samsung GT S 5830i (S), and Redmi Note 4 (M). Accurate radiation dosimetry is crucial in assessing and quantifying radiation exposure, particularly in the context of radiological or nuclear emergencies. The study encompasses a comprehensive analysis of thermoluminescence

This study synthesized a novel borate-based glass matrix and evaluated its radiation attenuation capability. Melt-quenching was used to prepare four glass samples with different concentrations from zinc borate glasses. To increase the glass density and the attenuation performance as a result, neodymium oxide (Nd2O3) and barium oxide (BaO) gradually substituted boron oxide (B2O3) in the glass network

This study investigates the impact of gold nanoparticle dispersion on the structural, thermal, and radiation shielding properties of bismuth borate glasses, aiming to develop materials suitable for nuclear and radiological protection applications. Glasses with compositions of 20Bi2O3–80B2O3 were prepared using the conventional melt-quenching technique, incorporating varying concentrations (0 to 1.59 × 10−7 mol%)

The aim of this study is to experimentally report the radiation shielding properties of borosilicate glasses with general formula 16SiO2–14Na2O-(70-x)B2O3-xBi2O3, (x = 0, 5, 10 and 15 mol%). The concentration of Bi2O3 was varied to examine its impacts on the glass's radiation shielding performance. The linear and mass attenuation coefficients (LAC and MAC) of the glasses were measured at varying energy

The boro-coconut shell ash-bismuth glass (CSA) systems in compositions (50-x)CSA + 20Na2O + 10CaO + 20B2O3 + xBi2O3 (where x = 0, 5, 10, 15, 20 and 25 mol%) were prepared using melt quenching method and has been investigated physical and radiation shielding properties. The investigation of their physical properties such as density and refractive index found that both values increased with increasing

In interventional cardiology, the eye dose can exceed the threshold for tissue reactions, resulting in eye lens opacity and cataracts. Monitoring the eye lens dose is important to prevent tissue reactions and comply with dose limits. Here, we review the different methods used for eye lens dosimetry in X-ray interventional procedures to help promote radiation protection of the eye lens in interventional

High-purity germanium (HPGe) detectors are broadly used in gamma-ray spectrometry for quantitative and qualitative analysis. Gamma spectrometry has the ability to simultaneously determine multiple elements in a wide energy range. To calculate the activity of natural and artificial radioactive isotopes in samples by accurate measurement, detection efficiency is required. We aimed to obtain the efficiency

Incorporating alkali metals in borate silicate glass formulation and fabrication has attracted growing attention due to their various industrial applications and improved attenuation of ionizing radiations. In this study, sodium-doped boron silicate glass was synthesized and the impact of sodium doping on the microstructure, gamma and neutron radiation shielding properties was investigated for special

In this study, Al6061–Eu2O3 composites were fabricated via mechanical alloying and systematically characterized using X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy to evaluate structural and compositional features. The incorporation of Eu2O3 in varying weight percentages (1–20 wt%) was confirmed by XRD, revealing phase retention and crystallite refinement

Thermal neutrons can be effectively stopped by capturing them using materials with high neutron cross-sections, but this process often generates highly penetrating and harmful gamma rays. In this work, the radiation shielding composites were successfully fabricated by natural rubber (NR), a renewable biobased polymer, mixed with fillers composed of thermal neutron and gamma-ray shielding properties

The synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using green, eco-friendly methods has garnered significant attention due to the potential advantages of using natural polymers, such as ι-carrageenan, as stabilizing agents. However, challenges remain in controlling the size, distribution, and stability of the nanoparticles, as well as optimizing their antimicrobial activity. In this study, gamma irradiation

Both self-radiolysis and gamma irradiation induce transformations in solid Ca14CO3. Liquid chromatography followed by liquid scintillation counting was used to identify eight products after aqueous dissolution of the irradiated samples. The distributions of the radiolytic products depend on the gamma dose or the self-radiolysis time. Formic and oxalic acids are the principal products, both originating

This study proposes an empirical formula for the mass attenuation coefficient (μ/ρ) of lead and bismuth nanoparticles, accounting for photon energy and material density through quadratic energy terms and density-dependent coefficients. This formula is applicable for the photon energy range 0.365 to 1.332 MeV. Validation against various nanoparticle-based compounds, including barium bismuth oxide borate

Nanocomposite material (GGAG:Ce3+@SiO2-RB) for potential use in X-ray induced photodynamic therapy (X-PDT) was developed, thoroughly characterized, and evaluated. It consists of a scintillating Gd3(Ga1-xAlx)5O12:Ce3+ core encapsulated in silica layer and functionalized with the photosensitizer Rose Bengal (RB). Radioluminescence measurements confirmed the energy transfer from the scintillating core

In XRF, intensity ratios (characteristic or scattering) are data sets in which experimental errors are minimized. It reduces the need for parameters such as the geometry factor, detector efficiency used in the calculation of fluorescence parameters. In this study, we aimed to analyze qualitatively of complex materials by examining the dependence of Compton and Rayleigh scattering intensity ratios on

This study investigates the breakdown of Doxorubicin (DOX), an anti-cancer drug, using UV and gamma radiation alone and in combination with H2O2. Under the exposure of UV/H2O2 for 50 min, degradation rates of 78.75, 70.83, and 64.19 % were observed for 5, 10, and 15 ppm drug concentrations, respectively. In contrast, using a gamma/H2O2 absorbed dose of 5 kGy resulted in much higher degradation, with

Tetracycline (TC), a widely used antibiotic in both human and veterinary medicine, has been frequently detected in aquatic environments. In this study, the degradation of TC by electron beam (EB) was systematically investigated, and the effects of various factors such as pH, inorganic anions (Cl−, NO3−, HCO3−, CO32−, SO42−), humic acid, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), sodium persulfate (Na2S2O8), aeration

Uranium waste management demands robust containment due to its high toxicity and long lifespan, making glass vitrification an effective solution by stabilizing radioactive elements within a durable matrix. This research examines advanced 98 [20Li2O-xBi2O3-(80-x)TeO2]-2Ag glass system with enhanced radiation shielding to improve the safety of nuclear waste storage. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations

X-ray or heavy ion beams are used in radiotherapy to target cancers and damage DNA. The primary cause of this damage is secondary low energy electrons. This work presents the analysis of DNA molecular damage including single (SSB) and double breaks (DSB) using an atomistic DNA model and track structure physics models. Considerations have been made on the influence of electron energy, electron dose

Prediction of residual radiation levels in particle accelerator facilities is crucial to ensure their safe and continuous operation over long periods of time. At the European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), radiological characterization studies of activated components in experimental areas and various machines within the accelerator complex are performed with Monte Carlo radiation transport

Synthetic materials produce microplastics, and the scarcity of natural resources as an alternative to petroleum-based materials concerns sustainable bio-materials development. Natural polymers have been utilized in different sectors due to their biocompatibility, biodegradability, and availability. The natural polymer (alginates) has been characterized as producing degradable biofilms using the casting

This study investigates europium oxide (Eu2O3) (-doped in different proportions) barium-lead-borate glasses in terms of the properties for gamma-ray shielding, with europium oxide concentrations ranging from 0 % to 3 % by mole in samples labeled BPBE0 (17BaO–14PbO2–69B2O3-0Eu2O3) to BPBE3 (26BaO–14PbO2–57B2O3-3Eu2O3). Key properties, namely, the density, half value layer, linear attenuation coefficient

Hydroxyapatite (HA) is a vital biomaterial widely used in bone implants and orthodontics due to its excellent biocompatibility. In this study, Sr and Zn co-doped HA was synthesized using the sol-gel combustion method and cast into porous materials. Samples containing 5 mol% Sr and varying Zn concentrations (0, 1, 3, and 5 mol%) were labeled as 0ZnSr-HA, 1ZnSr-HA, 3ZnSr-HA, and 5ZnSr-HA, respectively

Dosimetric validation of clinical radiotherapy plans for small fields requires high-precision instrumentation to ensure accuracy and spatial resolution. This study proposes a combination of PRIMO and penEasy Monte Carlo simulators to address scenarios where direct measurements are impractical, challenging, or yield inconsistent results due to detector limitations.

In X-ray inspection systems employing dual-energy capabilities, material discrimination primarily centers on three methodologies based on curves: the α curve, the R curve, and the H−L curve. Despite extensive research in this field, there remains ambiguity regarding the comparative effectiveness of these methods under different conditions. This study aims to evaluate the accuracy of material discrimination

Here, we report a Pb-based metal-organic framework, Pb((TPA)DMF)2·H2O (denoted as Pb-TPA, where TPA stands for terephthalic acid and DMF for N, N-dimethylformamide), synthesized under mild synthesis conditions (353 K, 3 days), as an X-ray scintillator. Pb-TPA features persistent luminescent centers and an impressive photoluminescence quantum yield of 86.7 %. Over a wide dose rate range 0.97–26.50 Gy min−1

In this study, the synergistic irradiation effects on Cascode GaN high electron mobility transistors (HEMTs) subjected to 80 MeV proton and Ge ion irradiation with a linear energy transfer (LET) of 37 MeV cm2·mg−1 were investigated. The experimental results demonstrated that such synergistic irradiation leads to a 10 % reduction in the single-event burnout (SEB) threshold voltage. Geant4 and TCAD simulations

Water pollution resulting from the extensive production and consumption of hair dyes has been threatening human health and aquatic ecosystems globally. Gaining knowledge on the presence of compounds in real hair dye wastewater and developing efficient treatment are emerging issues. This paper studies the electron beam irradiation of a real hair dye industrial wastewater. The CODCr of the industrial

Carbon ions therapy has become a globally prevalent treatment due to its highly efficiency in tumor eradication by including DNA double-strand breaks within the Bragg peak region, while avoiding the need for invasive surgery. A pre-treatment assessment using X-ray technology is necessary to draw the tumor morphology for carbon ions impinging. However, metal implants adjacent to tumor area often generate

This study examines the degradation characteristics of BPW34 PIN diodes under low-fluence neutron irradiation, with a focus on displacement damage mechanisms affecting their performance. Using G4SEE simulations, the effects of neutron-induced nuclear interactions were analyzed, and non-ionizing energy loss (NIEL) calculations were validated against SR-NIEL (a web-based radiation damage calculator)

Adaptive Radiotherapy (ART) adjusts treatment plans based on changes in the patient's anatomy as seen in re-planning Computed Tomography (CT) scans. The standard approach is to use alignment algorithms and segmentation models trained on planning CT scans, but these often do not yield good results on re-planning CTs. We propose a better segmentation framework that integrates prior anatomical information

Toward the radiation shielding applications, this study produced and tested nanocomposite materials from the attapulgite clay, biochar, and nano-nickel combination at varied concentrations of X = 15.0 %, 30.0 %, and 45.0 %, for the abbreviation A40BXNi(60-X). Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR), X-ray fluorescence (XRF), and Raman microscopy described pristine Attapulgite, biochar, and nano-nickel.

The characterization of an industrial-scale electron beam irradiator using an online diode-based dosimetry system, previously developed and calibrated for routine processes control, is presented in this work. The investigation is focused on the dose per pass and beam length operating parameters of the EB facility, which most take advantage of the online dosimetry performance based on an unbiased diode

This study evaluates the proton shielding performance of concrete modified with rare earth metals (REMs) using the Particle and Heavy Ion Transport code System (PHITS) Monte Carlo simulations. Standard concrete was doped with cerium, lanthanum, neodymium, and yttrium at 2 %, 5 %, and 10 % weight percentages. Proton energies of 50 and 100 MeV/u and shielding thicknesses of 5, 15, and 30 cm were analyzed

Iodine-125 (125I) permanent prostate implantation, also known as brachytherapy, is a widely used treatment for localized prostate cancer. This procedure involves implanting radioactive 125I seeds directly into the prostate gland, delivering targeted radiation to the tumor. A critical aspect of this therapy is assessing external radiation exposure to ensure safety for patients, healthcare workers, and

The research for highly removal of uranium from nuclear waste is of significance for radionuclide remediation and environment. Herein, a robust pyrazolate-based metal-organic framework (NiBTP) is prepared by γ-irradiation through complexation between 1,3,5-tris(1H-pyrazol-4-yl) benzene (H3BTP) and Nickel (II) and presents efficient U(VI) adsorption performance. The synthesized NiBTP is characterized

The charging of dielectric materials such as polymers results in relatively low energy densities compared to conventional electrochemical batteries. However, dielectric-based systems are less prone to chemical aging and more stable at elevated temperatures, making them suitable for applications requiring long-term stability. In this study, we demonstrate that low-density polyethylene (LDPE) can be

This research focuses on estimating the radiation doses delivered to the main and assistant physicians during percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL) via computer modeling. To achieve this, scenarios were simulated using the Monte Carlo N-Particle 6.2 code in a simulated PCNL procedure setting. The scenarios varied according to the anteroposterior (AP), right anterior oblique, 30° (RAO30) and left anterior

We explore several radiobiological parameters, specifically the tissue-specific linear quadratic α/β, the maximum normalized gradient of dose response γ, and the dose giving a 50 % response probability for the tissue considered D50, looking at how these affect the computed Tumor Control Probabilities (TCPs) within the Poisson Linear Quadratic (LQ) model. A total of 3,584,000 TCP values were derived