Thermal protection materials are indispensable for suppressing coupled thermal-mechanical-oxidative effects when they are subject to an external burning or ablation process. However, the thermal responsive behavior and spatial distribution of conventional ablation-resistant materials remain fixed, which fail to accommodate dynamic gaps owing to the mismatched thermal expansion and active expansion of components at high temperatures. In this work, a combination of phase-transition-induced thermal expandable microsphere and graphite intercalation compound are used to construct “intelligent” microstructural drive units. The composites not only provide multiple temperature responses (125, 200, and 250 °C) and shape-controllable reconfiguration but also synergistically enhance the thermal insulation (a temperature drop of 1820 °C occurs within a thickness of 10 mm) and ablation resistance. The transformation of microstructural drive units simultaneously confers adaptive thermal management for fast deformation at low temperatures and thermal insulation properties at high temperatures. The adaptive deformation behavior is complemented by ablation-resistant behavior, which represents a promising concept to fabricate intelligent thermal protection materials for targeted use in dynamic thermal protection scenarios.

中文翻译：

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用于 2000 °C 热保护的具有多温度自适应变形的混合微架构工程柔性复合材料

当热保护材料受到外部燃烧或烧蚀过程时，它们对于抑制耦合的热-机械-氧化效应是必不可少的。然而，传统抗烧蚀材料的热响应行为和空间分布仍然是固定的，由于组件在高温下的热膨胀和主动膨胀不匹配，无法容纳动态间隙。在这项工作中，采用相变诱导的热膨胀微球和石墨插层化合物的组合来构建“智能”微结构驱动单元。复合材料不仅提供多种温度响应（125、200 和 250 °C）和形状可控的重新配置，而且还协同增强了隔热性（在 10 mm 的厚度内发生 1820 °C 的温降）和抗烧蚀性。微结构驱动单元的转变同时赋予了低温下快速变形的适应性热管理和高温下的隔热性能。适应性变形行为与抗烧蚀行为相辅相成，这代表了制造智能热保护材料以针对动态热保护场景使用的一个有前途的概念。