PURPOSE To compare nonlinear and piecewise linear models for FSA with VLR/VTA during running, controlling for competitive running experience. METHODS 475 U.S. Army trainees completed surveys on their participation in sports and a running gait assessment on an instrumented treadmill while VLRs, VTAs, and FSAs were measured (via force plates, tibial-mounted accelerometers, and high-speed cameras, respectively)

PURPOSE Individuals with chronic ankle instability (CAI) are believed to rely more heavily on visual input during postural control due to impaired somatosensory function; however, the neural mechanisms underlying sensory reweighting in CAI are not well understood. This study explored the neural and behavioral correlates of increased visual reliance in CAI through functional connectivity (FC) analysis

PURPOSE Whether G tolerance is correlated physical performances and cardiac force index (CFI) in male aircrew. METHODS One month before the high G training, military flight cadets provided demographic data and details about their exercise habits. They wore BioPatch™ HP devices to track cardiac data, including walking CFI (WCFI), and during the 100-meter sprint tests. Jump performance was assessed on

PURPOSE To examine the tracking and trajectories of active commuting (AC) from childhood to midlife and their association with physical activity (PA) levels over 35 years. METHODS Self-rated AC and PA data were extracted from the Young Finns Study across six phases (1983 - 2018) for tracking (n = 2851) and trajectories (n = 1220). Accelerometer-derived PA was quantified in 2018-2020 (n = 1134). AC

PURPOSE Low cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) has consistently been associated with an increased risk of premature mortality and has been shown to be comparable to traditional cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors in terms of health outcomes. Thus, the purpose of this study was twofold: 1) to determine the accuracy of commonly proposed cycling ergometry equations to predict maximum oxygen uptake

PURPOSE The study aimed to model rowing in a single scull, considering individual physiological characteristics of rowers, to determine the optimal pacing strategy over 2000 m (current Olympic distance) and 1500 m (future Olympic distance for 2028), as well as the sensitivity of performance to specific physiological factors at these distances. METHODS A validated mechanical model of rowing was coupled

PURPOSE High-performance sports training has been associated with immunomodulatory activity on vaccine-induced immunity in athletes. To date, it is unknown, whether training in athletes may affect immunogenicity of mRNA-based vaccines, as the vaccine antigen is produced in the muscle. METHODS In an observational study, 57 athletes and 57 controls were recruited before and 2 weeks after the second vaccination

OBJECTIVES To compare physical fitness, function and physical activity (PA) in adolescent childhood cancer survivors (CCSs) to age- and sex-matched controls and across different cancer diagnoses. METHODS This multicenter cross-sectional study (PACCS) included CCSs aged 9-18 years (≥1-year after cancer treatment) and age- and sex-matched controls. Physical fitness tests included cardiorespiratory fitness

INTRODUCTION Increasing concerns surrounding the environmental impact of animal- and plant-derived proteins warrants further investigations of alternative protein sources and their efficacy for supporting skeletal muscle anabolism. Herein, the postprandial amino acid bioavailability of a novel protein derived from recombinant bovine β-lactoglobulin (rBLG) was determined, alongside the muscle adaptive

PURPOSE At the age of menarche, there is a significant increase in the secretion of sex hormones, affecting physical and morphological growth. This study aimed to investigate the impact of menarche on the development of body dimensions, fitness level, technical skills and performance in pubertal female swimmers over one year of training. METHODS Nineteen young swimmers within the same age group (11-12

PURPOSE Physical exercise may enhance cognitive functions, including inhibitory control. Despite increasing evidence, there remains a need for robust evidence on long-term interventions targeting inhibition in healthy, sedentary young adults. We investigated the effects of a 12-week cardiovascular exercise program on this population's behavioral and neuroelectric measures of inhibitory control. METHODS

INTRODUCTION Arduous military training consists of physically demanding activity that increase tibial bone formation. The intensity of these programs, however, greatly elevates the risk of bone stress injuries, especially in women. This cross-sectional study aimed to profile individuals whose tibia's most and least adapted to the 10-week Marine Officer Candidates School (OCS). METHODS Officer Candidates

AIMS Implementing exercise programs in individuals with type 1 diabetes (T1D) may precipitate glycaemic fluctuations. A better understanding of these fluctuations is essential for developing appropriate glucose management strategies. We aimed to assess glycaemic excursions and their progression during a 2-month training program, comparing fluctuations around exercise sessions with those of non-exercising

PURPOSE Sequential decision-making often involves a combination of simple trial-and-error learning (i.e., model-free learning), and more sophisticated learning where an abstract representation of the environment is formed, thereby facilitating prospective predictions about likely outcomes based on different choices (i.e., model-based learning). As such, the utilization of a model-based approach is

PURPOSE This study investigated sex differences in, and the effect of protein supplementation on, whole-body protein turnover during a military field exercise. METHODS Forty-four British Army trainees (14 women) completed a 36-h field exercise. Participants consumed their habitual diet (n = 14 women [Women], protein intake 1.7 g·kg-1·d-1; n = 15 men [Men Controls], protein intake 1.6 g·kg-1·d-1) or

PURPOSE to evaluate differences in ventilatory function, especially on breathing reserve (BR), across a wide range of cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF). METHODS we examined 198 males and 60 females who performed different spirometry tests to evaluate ventilatory function [vital capacity (VC), inspiratory capacity (IC), force vital capacity (FVC), forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1), maximal voluntary

BACKGROUND Physical activity, sedentary behavior, and sleep all impact risk of incident dementia, however engagement in these activities is constrained by the 24-hour day. Increasing time spent in one activity necessarily reduces time spent in another making it difficult to fully understand the implications of current behavioral modification recommendations. This study examines how reallocating time

INTRODUCTION Physiological outcomes, like pulmonary diffusing capacity, can be impacted by non-modifiable (e.g., biological sex) and modifiable (e.g., cardiorespiratory fitness) factors. The quantification of potential combined, interactive effects of these factors remains unreported in the literature. PURPOSE To examine the independent and combined associations of sex and cardiorespiratory fitness

PURPOSE Resistance training (RT) can improve functional outcomes among people with multiple sclerosis (PwMS) but is underutilized due to the use of heavy training loads. Low-load resistance training with blood-flow restriction (RT + BFR) may provide an alternative. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of 12 weeks of low-load RT + BFR and heavy-load RT on functional outcomes

Purpose: Heart rate (HR) variability thresholds (HRVT) based on detrended fluctuation analysis alpha 1 (DFA a1) generally show reasonable alignment of thresholds estimations based on gas exchange responses under normoxic conditions. This study examined whether acute hypoxia would affect the agreement between HRVTs and the gas exchange equivalents during incremental cycling. Methods: Twelve participants

INTRODUCTION Heart rate variability (HRV), typically measured at rest, is a measure of autonomic balance sensitive to physical and psychological stress. Testosterone supplementation during multi-stressor military operations may maintain exercise HRV by preventing a decrease in cardiac autonomic tone. The purpose of this study was to assess exercise HRV as a marker of physiological and psychological

PURPOSE We aimed to develop and validate a risk-assessment tool for energy deficiency in young exercising women using disordered eating subscales and self-reported health-related information. METHODS We retrospectively analyzed 7 studies in competitive and recreationally active women [n = 202, age 21.7 ± 0.3 years, body mass index (BMI) 21.21 ± 0.14 kg/m2, (mean ± SEM)]. Participants completed the

INTRODUCTION/PURPOSE Compression garments are a commonly used recovery aid following resistance exercise, which may improve muscle blood flow and perceived recovery. However, there has been limited insight into the underlying molecular mechanisms that may mediate the physiological effects of compression garments. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of compression tights on markers of

BACKGROUND Cold exposure impairs physical performance, with the severity of degradation depending on the degree of cold strain. Thresholds for impairment and non-invasive biomarkers to identify changes have yet to be identified. Therefore, this study examines the effects of cold exposure on physical performance, thermoregulation, salivary biomarkers, and the effects of a short-period of rewarming.

OBJECTIVE This study systematically reviewed and meta-analyzed randomized and quasi-randomized controlled trials investigating the impact of exercise therapy on muscle strength, redox balance, and inflammatory profile in individuals with Down Syndrome. DESIGN Systematic review and meta-analysis.Data SourcesCochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, MEDLINE, CINAHL, SPORTDiscus, EMBASE, and PEDro

INTRODUCTION A systematic approach to collecting and reporting injury data in military settings is necessary to maximize the impact of musculoskeletal injury-related research. An international consensus on recommended core data set of elements to capture and report is necessary. The purpose was to summarize the process and results from an international consensus study to establish recommended common

PURPOSE Electromyography (EMG) is commonly used to inform exercise selection for injury prevention and rehabilitation. However, mechanical tension is more important for driving adaptation than muscle activation alone. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the effect of ranking hip-focused exercises based on the magnitude of gluteal surface EMG compared to estimates of muscle forces and the implications

INTRODUCTION Excessive increases in body temperature impair voluntary force production and neuromuscular function, but the underlying central mechanisms remain unclear. PURPOSE We investigated the effect of hyperthermia on neural activity associated with motor preparation using electroencephalographic event-related potentials (EEG-ERPs). METHODS Two stimulus presentation methods were used: movement-related

PURPOSE Force-velocity (FV) profiling is a tool for classifying athletes as force- or velocity-deficient, allowing for tailored training prescriptions. However, profiling classification may vary depending on the measurement method used. This study compared FV profile variables derived from countermovement jumps (CMJs) using four approaches: the Flight-time method, a Kinetic method, and two Kinematic

METHODS Forty-two young, resistance-trained men and women were randomly assigned to 1 of 2 parallel groups: A group that trained to failure on all exercises (FAIL) or a submaximal effort group (2-RIR) that trained with two repetitions in reserve for the same exercises. Participants performed a single set of 9 exercises targeting all major muscle groups per session, twice weekly for 8 weeks. We assessed

OBJECTIVES In type 1 diabetes, glycemia management is rendered complex through the confounding influence of spontaneous physical activity (PA), particularly frequent in children. We aim to understand the glycemic effects of self-reported PA and cumulative spontaneous PA in their everyday life, controlling for carbohydrate intake and insulin. METHODS In this 7-day observational study, 45 children/adolescents

PURPOSE Cold-water immersion lowers muscle protein synthesis rates during post-exercise recovery. Whether this effect can be explained by lower muscle microvascular perfusion and a subsequent decline in post-prandial amino acid incorporation into muscle tissue following cooling is currently unknown. METHODS Twelve young males (24 ± 4 y) performed a single resistance exercise session followed by water

PURPOSE Studies on heat acclimation (HA) involving high-intensity exercise report impairments in time trial (TT) performance in the heat immediately after HA. This study aimed to determine whether a high-carbohydrate (HC) diet can enhance 3.22 km run TT performance in the heat following exercise-intensive short-term HA. METHODS Fourteen healthy military-age males were assigned to either a HC diet (70

PURPOSE It is recognized that disruptions in circadian behavior, such as with shift work or jet lag, are associated with diminished health. This known relationship implies that people with stronger indices of circadian behavior will exhibit improved physiology. To address the association between rhythmic activity behavior and physiology we proposed that metrics indicative of 'more rhythmic' rest-activity

The Team Physician Consensus Statement delineates qualifications, duties, and responsibilities of the team physician and provides guidelines to individuals and organizations in selecting team physicians. These delineations and guidelines provide a foundation for best practices in the medical care of athletes and teams. The team physician's education, training, and experience uniquely qualify them to

PURPOSE Dynamic apnea with fins (DYN) involves swimming the longest distance relying solely on the body's oxygen and anaerobic energy stores. The energy cost per unit distance (C) is therefore an important determinant of DYN performance, yet it has never been measured. This study aimed to assess the C of DYN and its aerobic (EO 2 ), anaerobic lactic (ELa) and alactic (EPCr) energy contributions. METHODS

Purpose: Optimal performance in military tasks is crucial for operation success. These tasks are often simulated in training, assessing personnel performance within a military environment. However, these assessments are time-consuming and an injury risk. Physical characteristics such as muscular strength, power, aerobic endurance, and circumferences can be used to predict these dynamic and demanding

OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effectiveness of sequential vs simultaneous introduction of nutrition and exercise behaviour intervention strategies at preventing early or late excessive gestational weight gain (EGWG). METHODS Parallel group randomised trial at a single centre (London, Canada) included 84 healthy pregnant individuals (mean age: 32.4 ± 3.4 years; pre-pregnancy body mass index: 26.0 ± 5.1

INTRODUCTION This study examined the potential of a device agnostic approach for predicting physical activity energy expenditure (PAEE) from research grade and consumer wearable accelerometry and heartrate (HR) raw data compared to indirect calorimetry in children. METHODS Two-hundred and thirty-one 5-12-year-olds (52.4% male) of diverse skin tone and body weights participated in a 60-minute protocol

BACKGROUND Protein ingestion stimulates muscle protein synthesis rates (MPS) to support the turnover of skeletal muscle protein mass. However, dietary patterns consist of a variety of protein foods with different amino acid compositions consumed at multiple meal-times throughout the day. Omnivorous (OMN) and vegan (VGN) dietary patterns may differentially stimulate MPS. Moreover, the distribution and

PURPOSE This study aimed to 1) describe perinatal changes of physical activity (PA), physical fitness (PF), and body composition (BC) and 2) investigate prospective associations between PA and PF, and between PF and BC in metabolically high-risk women with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). METHODS This secondary analysis of the MySweetheart trial included 211 women with GDM. Outcomes were measured

OBJECTIVE To investigate the molecular mechanisms underlying the improvement of aged skeletal muscle atrophy by High-intensity Interval Training (HIIT) combined with glycine supplementation. METHODS Male C57BL/6 J mice aged 19 months (n = 16) were randomly assigned to Old Sedentary (OSED), HIIT, OSED+Glycine (O-Gly), and HIIT+Glycine (H-Gly) groups for an 8-week intervention. Maximum grip strength

BACKGROUND/PURPOSE Adjusting running style can influence musculoskeletal loading, thereby altering injury risk. Duty factor, defined as the ratio of contact time to stride time, along with stride frequency, have been linked to peak loading in previous studies, though their specific influences remain unclear. This study elucidates how duty factor and stride frequency, both individually and in tandem

PURPOSE Most studies applying repeated neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) to assess intrinsic contractile properties employ frequencies considerably greater than the mean motor unit discharge rate (MUDR) for a given force level. It is hypothesized that force loss increases with stimulation frequency, but this has not been evaluated in the same pool of participants when other parameters are

PURPOSE Many elite road-race cyclists have low areal bone mineral density (aBMD) as previously shown by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). However, aBMD provides limited insight into bone quality. Therefore, this cross-sectional study aimed to assess volumetric BMD (vBMD), bone microarchitecture, and bone strength in elite road-race cyclists using high-resolution peripheral computed tomography

METHODS PA and sedentary behavior were measured in an observational cohort of 30 participants (19.6 ± 4.9 years old, 66.7% female) using a 3-axis accelerometer before (Pre-Op) and at two, four and six months after ACL reconstruction. Daily steps, daily minutes of moderate to vigorous PA (MVPA) and percentage of wake time in sedentary behavior (%SED) were measured. Two-by-four (sex-by-time) repeated

PURPOSE Previous work showed altered mechanical properties of the Achilles tendon in the presence of tendinopathy, considering the Achilles tendon as a homogeneous structure with the gastrocnemius medialis (GM) subtendon representative of it. However, the Achilles tendon consists of three semi-independent structures: the GM, gastrocnemius lateralis (GL) and soleus (SOL) subtendons, each independently

INTRODUCTION Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) affects a quarter of the global population and poses a remarkably serious threat to human health. OBJECTIVES The effect and potential molecular mechanisms of combined cold exposure and exercise intervention on NAFLD remain unclear. MATERIALS AND METHODS A high-fat diet-induced NAFLD mouse model was utilized. Twenty-four NAFLD mice were divided

Purpose: Stationary cycling is essential in rehabilitation programs for various patient groups, such as knee osteoarthritis and cruciate ligament injuries and reconstruction. The study aimed to measure in vivo the 3D rigid-body and articular surface kinematics of the knee and the patellar tendon orientations during stationary cycling and isolated flexion-extension exercise in healthy young adults using

PURPOSE To examine central and peripheral physiological adaptations contributing to increases in maximal oxygen uptake (V̇O2max) following a 12-week of vigorous endurance exercise program in healthy, older and young adults. METHODS Fourteen participants (7 older: 68 ± 7 years and 7 young: 26 ± 7 years; 9 males and 5 females) engaged in a cycling training program 3 times/week for 45 min at ~70%V̇O2max

PURPOSE This study compared the physiological effects of a moderate-intensity interval training (MIT) microcycle followed by an active recovery period (collectively termed MITblock) with a time-matched regular training period (REG) during the general preparation phase in well-trained cyclists. METHODS Using a randomized crossover design, 30 well-trained male cyclists (maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max)

PURPOSE Dietary nitrate (NO3-) supplementation has been shown to improve skeletal muscle contractile function and reduce fatigue, potentially due to alterations in skeletal muscle Ca2+ handling/sensitivity. Since aging muscle can have impaired Ca2+ handling, the aim of the study was to evaluate the effects of dietary NO3- supplementation on muscle contractile properties in young and older adults. METHODS

PURPOSE We sought to evaluate the effect of intensive physical training on left ventricular (LV) hemodynamic forces (HDF) in athletes. METHODS Forty professional endurance athletes were evaluated at the beginning of their training cycle (off-season) and after a period of aerobic isotonic dynamic exercise (peak training period) using cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR). Images were analyzed off-line using

PURPOSE This study investigated the effects of a 6-week eccentrically-biased training intervention between Romanian deadlift (RDL) and Nordic hamstring exercises (NHE) on regional hamstring muscle architecture and morphology. METHODS Participants were randomly allocated to an RDL or NHE intervention group and trained twice per week for 6 weeks followed by a 2-week detraining period. Biceps femoris

PURPOSE The cardiometabolic benefits of replacing sedentary time with light-intensity physical activity (LIPA) are unclear. We studied the associations of hypothetically reallocating sedentary time towards LIPA with changes in cardiometabolic risk factors using thigh-worn accelerometery. We also explored whether reallocation effects differed across subgroups with low, moderate, and high sedentary time

With the increasing implementation of oncology-based exercise rehabilitation, there is a need for normative strength values specific to the cancer population. Purpose: Propose muscular strength normative data tables for the cancer population and observe the effects of exercise training on categorical placement. Methods: Data from cancer survivors (n = 659) encompassing various cancer types across all